Education

Instagram Posts: Diverse Science

Our education subteam has worked to inform our team and community about inclusivity and diversity in science. The subteam first pursued their initiative of their Diverse Science series on Instagram, in which they featured different scientists each month according to the diversity education and inclusion (DEI) theme of the month. This is what inspired their creation of a calendar focused on awareness, diversity, and inclusivity.

Some of our Instagram Posts:




Diversity Oriented Calendar

Like the Diverse Science series, the Diversity Oriented Calendar highlights a scientist each month relating to the DEI theme for that month. The calendar is meant to bring awareness of diversity within the synthetic biology field, especially among students who may be interested in STEM. It is paramount to provide role models in STEM for aspiring scientists, to see that there is a place for them in the profession they choose. When we were talking to teachers, they told us that something like this calendar would be very helpful for them in the classroom.

Below are the calendar pages for each month, along with additional information, articles, and videos about the scientists.

Calendar Cover Page
Calendar Cover Page

World Braille Day: Abraham Nemeth

Research Information:
Dr. Abraham Nemeth started working on his Braille math code in 1946 or 1947. He was taking evening class at Brooklyn College, and volunteered to help students with math who were returning from World War II. Because of his brilliant ways to write and explain math he was offered a fill-in teaching position. He modified the commonly used Taylor Code for mathematics in braille by creating symbols for his rules of speech in math.

Articles: The History of the Nemeth Code
Obituary of Dr. Abraham Nemeth

Videos:
The Blind Mathematician

Black History Month: Dr. Kizzmekia "Kizzy" Corbett

Research Information:
Dr. Corbett studied the human immune response to dengue viruses as a graduate student, and had many years of experience in studying immunology, before creating the COVID-19 vaccine. She led her team to work on the COVID-19 virus, she used her expertise to develop the vaccine, with mRNA-1273. This vaccine concept designed by her NIH team from viral sequence has from 94%-95% efficacy against clinical disease and almost 100% efficacy against serious disease. Besides the development of the mRNA-1273, Dr. Corbett also has a patent for many other topics such as universal coronavirus and influenza vaccine concepts, and novel therapeutic antibodies. With all her novel contributions to immunology, she is considered by many to be a great leader in the forefront of her field.

Articles:
Infant rhesus macaques immunized against SARS-CoV-2 are protected against heterologous virus challenge 1 year later
Nanoparticle display of prefusion coronavirus spike elicits S1-focused cross-reactive protection across divergent subgroups

Videos:
USA TODAY Women of the Year honoree Kizzmekia Corbett on women in STEM

Women's History Month: Rosalind Franklin

Research Information:
Dr. Franklin’s most famous accomplishment in her life was taking “Photo 51” - a luminous picture of the substance of life, the B form of DNA, captured by X-ray diffraction. The lighter diamond shapes above and below either side of the darkened X suggest the pattern of the double helix. This pattern gave a lot of structural information, which helped to build the first model of DNA. Her specialty, X-ray crystallography, was employed in a movement to understand DNA’s structure - which gives us the key now to understand how genetic information is transferred from one generation to another. She also refined the conditions necessary to obtain an accurate diffraction image of DNA by controlling water content of the fiber. This helped her to discover that DNA existed in two forms: A and B - and after a lot more modification and bombardment with a X-ray beam, the pattern helped to understand DNA. Additionally, she worked on studying the tobacco mosaic virus.

Articles:
The Papers of Rosalind Franklin

Videos:
Rosalind Franklin: DNA's unsung hero
How Rosalind Franklin changed history
25 Minute Rosalind Franklin Biography DNA: Secret of Photo 51

World Autism Awareness Day: Temple Grandin

Research Information:
Dr. Temple Grandin has done substantial research on animal behavior and how to work with and take care of animals. As an educator, she has taught about animal facility design, animal tool design, animal behaviors, humane slaughter, and ritual slaughter. Along with topics related to animal sciences, she continues to educate the general public about autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and neurodiverse minds. Dr. Grandin has explained the difference in learning, thinking, and working. It’s important to her that people understand that we are all different, and how those differences can be embraced instead of criticized. For her work in the animal sciences, and her autism advocacy, she has been presented with many awards, including the Dole Leadership Prize in 2019.

Articles:
Grandin website

Videos:
The World Needs All Kinds of Minds
The Autistic Brain
Educating Different Kinds of Minds

Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month: Dr. Flossie Wong-Staal

Research Information:
Wong-Staal was focused on retroviruses that caused leukemia in animals when Gallo’s tema cultured the first human retrovirus. After this work, she followed up, her section becoming the leading lab working on the molecular biology of human retroviruses. She believed there was a connection between retroviruses and human diseases, unlike many other skeptics. These molecular virology skills were critical to her ability to apply techniques to quickly unravel the HIV genome and replication strategies. Dr. Wong-Staal discovered molecular evidence of variations in HIV within and among infected individuals - which led to the realization that HIV is constantly mutating in response to immune pressures, and every isolation of the virus as different clones. Understanding this key fact helped to shape development of effective antiviral therapies to manage AIDS. She also provided the biology necessary for the development of the second-generation blood test for HIV - based on detection of the viral genome. Additionally, her work on nonstructural viral factors such as HTLV-1 and HIV-1, transactional activators Tax and Tat, and the post translational regulators Rex and Rev on the virology of HTLV-1 - the retroviral cause of human adult T cell leukemia were significant. These findings helped humanity to further understand basic biology. In conclusion, Dr. Wong-Staal was a fundamental figure in biology, whose findings helped to further research efforts, and have a lasting impact on our insight on biology to this day.

Articles:
Dr. Flossie Wong-Staal
Induction of CD4-depedent cell fusion by HTLV-III

Videos:
Dr. Flossie Wong-Staal: Cracking the Code

Pride Month: Ruth Gates

Research Information:
Corals face many problems in current times, including warmer temperatures due to climate change, increasing ocean acidification, and much more. The Gates lab aims to conduct research on coral reefs, so they can try to adjust them to stressful environments, and for corals to have accelerated recovery after receiving damage. The focus of this lab, in which Gates used to be the Principal Investigator, continues to aim on defining the traits that cause differences in the resilience of individual reefs. They want to help and expand understanding of coral reef function, and to conserve these important parts of our ocean. As oceans are a very little researched topic, with so much of it not explored, these new additions to our knowledge base as humanity are very important.

Articles:
Building coral reef resilience through assisted evolution
The future of coral reefs: a microbial perspective
Ruth Gates, Who Made Saving Coral Reefs Her Mission, Is Dead at 56
Gates Coral Lab

Americans with Disabilities Act: Clare Halliday

Research Information:
Dr. Halliday's lab has investigated the shape of the eukaryotic parasite Leishmania is based on its ecological niches and needs to be transmitted to each generation. The shape of the Leishmania cell is defined by the microtubule array and the positioning of the nucleus, kinetoplast and the flagellum within this array. Specifically, they studied the role of the FAZ in the morphogenesis of the anterior cell tip with electron microscopy and infection studies. Their research gives a deeper understanding of membrane-cytoskeletal interactions that define the shape and form of an individual cell and the remodeling of that form during cell division. Additionally, they have also looked into Variant Surface Glycoprotein (VSG), which coats bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei parasites, that creates antigenic variation necessary for pathogenicity. Her contributions to our knowledge of these parasites have been very influential.

Articles:
Clare Halliday's research while affiliated with University of Oxford and other places
Stage-specific transcription activator ESB1 regulates monoallelic antigen expression in Trypanosoma brucei

International day of the World’s Indigenous People: Timberley Roane

Research Information:
Dr. Roane’s current research areas of interest include skin microbiome, microbial fuel cells, museum microbiology, and acid mine drainage impact and remediation. Her lab focuses on microbial ecology and environmental microbiology and with each new project that she takes they aim to answer “how do microorganisms adapt and respond to their environmental conditions.” One of her publications delves into microbial communities in areas affected by heavy metal pollution. She found that in these areas, the microbial population was either resistant or sensitive to lead. Additionally, she observed that there were positive correlations between antibiotic resistance and isolation habitat for lead-resistant strains, arsenic concentration, and microbial metabolic activity, among other conditions. Another one of her papers analyzes cadmium-resistant microbes in cadmium-polluted soil. These microbes were also resistant to multiple other types of antibiotics, but no correlation was found between increased cadmium-resistance and antibiotic-resistance.

Articles:
Roane Lab: Applied Microbial Ecology
Characterization of bacterial communities in heavy metal contaminated soils
Microbial Responses to Environmentally Toxic Cadmium

Videos:
SACNAS Science - Dr. Timberley Roane: Mighty Microbes

National Hispanic Heritage Month: Lydia Villa-Komaroff

Research Information:
Her most significant works included being able to create proinsulin in a bacteria by a gene inserted into a plasmid in a lab at Harvard. The team which she contributed to had amplified a gene in a transformed bacteria, cloning and expressing the insulin gene. This was a significant achievement at that time, a process that we now consider as very easy, basic, being a very different matter some time ago. She used rat insulin as a model, and many bacterial strains, to study this process in a human cell.

Articles:
Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for the canine neurotensin/neuromedin N precursor.
Specific, temporally regulated expression of the insulin-like growth factor II gene during muscle cell differentiation
A bacterial clone synthesizing proinsulin.

Videos:
Dr. Lydia Villa-Komaroff Interview: On Pioneering Insulin Research
A Conversation with Lydia Villa Komaroff
Lydia Villa-Komaroff (CytonomeST/SACNAS): How I Became a Scientist

World Mental Health Day: Solomon Carter Fuller

Research Information:
Dr. Fuller was a psychiatrist, researcher, and educator born in Liberia. He studied and worked in the United States, eventually becoming the first African-American psychiatrist. He attended Livingstone College in North Carolina, before going to Long Island College Medical School and completing his medical degree at Boston University in 1897. Dr. Fuller faced racism and discrimination in the form of unequal salaries and underemployment as one of the few Black doctors at the time. However, this discrimination led to his work in Alzheimer's, which cemented his place in history. As part of his post-graduate studies, he researched neuropathology at the University of Munich in Germany. He was then chosen by Alois Alzheimer to do research at the University’s psychiatric hospital, which allowed him to get his start researching Alzheimer’s disease. Outside of his psychiatric work, Dr. Fuller also worked to provide healthcare services to African-American veterans at the turn of the century. His dedication to improving healthcare for all, even in the face of discrimination, led to more diversity in the medical field and STEM fields at large.

Articles:
Recognizing African-American contributions to neurology
Solomon Carter Fuller, M.D.
Solomon Carter Fuller

Videos:
Scientific and Clinical Legacy of Dr. Solomon Carter Fuller
Discovering the Cause of Alzheimer’s

National Native American Heritage Month/Movember: Lori Arviso Alvord

Research Information:
Dr. Alvord began changing her surgical practice to accommodate her patients, a radical move, in the early 1990s. She scheduled her operations so that patients could have traditional ceremonies before or after procedures, and made it possible for healers to participate. The idea behind this was to increase Navajo trust of hospitals. Because of such, her work has gone on to study Navajo ceremonies. Dr. Alvord found that the ceremonies encompass principles of mind-body medicine (psycho-neuro-immunology), as well as physical and mental wellness. Now, Dr. Alvord continues to focus on surgical care that includes the patient’s culture. This approach emphasizes the fact that the mind can restore the Navajo “hozho”, which signifies beauty, harmony, balance, and peace-a sort of wholeness of a person. This wholeness then creates a patient who has stronger personal relationships that contribute to a stronger community wellness.

Articles:
Lori Alvord, MD (includes videos)

Videos:
The Healing Properties of Navajo Ceremonies presented by Lori Arviso Alvord
Integrating Healing Properties of Traditional Native Medicine with Western Practice - Lori Alvord MD

Kwanzaa: Emmett W. Chappelle

Research Information:
Mr. Chappelle’s groundbreaking research reshaped our understanding of bioluminescence and paved the way for a deeper look at the science behind these intricate processes. His work went beyond simply studying why things glow, as NASA integrated his findings into their missions, using bioluminescence to study and identify future extraterrestrial life forms we may come in contact with. Furthermore, his discoveries had a significant impact on the fields of medical diagnostics and food sciences. In 1977, Mr. Chappelle patented a method he devised for counting bacteria in urine, blood, water, and spinal fluid samples, thus helping millions of health providers easily screen for bacteria infections. He also received a patent for his system to determine plant health using laser-induced fluorescence to measure photosynthesis levels. Mr. Chappelle was also a philanthropist who loved to give back to his community, and served as a mentor to many minority high school and college students. Mr. Chappelle’s contributions to science will have a long-lasting impact, and may, one day, even help us identify and understand extraterrestrial life forms we come in contact with.

Articles:
NIHF Inductee Emmett Chappelle and Bioluminescence
Biography of Emmett Chappelle, American Inventor

Videos:
The Glow of Life
Emmett Chappelle Paper Circuit Activity
Bringing Light to Life

A Two-Way Conversation With Educators

One of the most important things that our education subteam wanted to do was to ensure that our educational materials would be beneficial for teachers and students. After we noticed, as students, that there was a lack of education on diversity in science, we sought to understand why this was the case and how we could help to solve the problem. To do this, we conversed with various educators to explore the pitfalls of the current curriculum, the importance or lack of teaching diversity, and how to best introduce new materials to already existing lesson plans.

Where do you teach?

What grades do you teach/have you taught in the past?

If you teach/have taught multiple grades, how do you tailor your curriculum to different grade levels?

Does the school curriculum place a lot of emphasis on teaching about diversity in science?

Why don’t teachers already teach more about diversity in science?

Is it a time issue? Or an issue about feeling comfortable/confident in teaching the subject matter?

Would you like to teach more about diversity in science?

What kind of materials would be helpful for you to do this?

Specifically, would you find a calendar with a short biography about each scientist and their work to be helpful?

How much detail about the scientist's work would be appropriate for your students?

Do you think it would be more important to teach about diverse scientists, or teach about different types of science?

Do you see ways that your students could engage with the material in the calendar? Small group discussion? Independent projects?

How important is it to you to teach about diversity in science?

Specifically, what kind of impact do you think showing role models to students has?

Do you think you would have time to educate your students once per month about diverse scientists?

If not, what would need to be done to allow for there to be time to educate the students?

Do you feel like when educating about diverse people, struggles should be addressed as much as achievements?

Ben Davis

In August, the education subteam met with Ben Davis, a teacher at Henderson Hopkins Middle School, to learn about inclusivity in school systems. Davis believes that the issue with inclusivity in education is that school systems do not highlight or include diverse scientists in their curriculums. To help address this issue and teach students about science, diverse scientists could come into the classroom and provide demonstrations to engage the students. His insight was extremely valuable as the education team continued educating others, especially in their goal to emphasize diversity in synthetic biology.


Davis’s insight has been extremely valuable as the education team continues improving their calendar and educating others in their goal to emphasize diversity in synthetic biology. They plan to interview more teachers about the presence of diversity in STEM education and how their calendar may help with inclusivity within the classroom. Additionally, to add more material to the calendar and further engage students, they have compiled supplemental information and videos about each scientist, which are linked on the calendar through a QR code and can be found above in the calendar drop down menu.


Karen Edery

Another teacher that we were fortunate enough to communicate with was Mrs. Edery, who teaches biology, scientific inquiry, and analysis at a vocational-technical school. From Mrs. Edery, we learned that the curriculum does not always allow for many additions. However, teaching about diversity in science is important and currently not represented in her school’s curriculum. For her, she would like to teach more about diversity, but faces issues with timing. In addition, different levels of students may benefit from varying levels of information about the scientist’s contributions to their fields. Showing students not only the scientists, but helping them to understand their work could help to further inspire students and augment their abilities in science to become closer to their role models.


Mrs. Edery taught us that it would be important to provide lots of information about the scientists' work to the supplemental educational materials that we create. This would help teachers to integrate our calendar better into their lesson plans. Keeping the calendar information short and sweet would be helpful, so that it could be used as a short activity at the start of each month. This would help teachers who do not have much time to add a full-fledged lesson about diversity to their lesson plans.

Jetaime Ross

We are very grateful that we were able to gain the insight of Ms. Ross. One of the main things that we learned from her is how she tailors her lessons to each class. She decides on the lessons based on her classroom’s academic levels, culture, interest levels, and other observations. To support various learning styles, Ms. Ross provides various visual cues, scaffolding and other modalities. As to why teachers do not focus more on educating about diversity, Ms. Ross mentions that many teachers feel unequipped to deal with potential sensitive topics. When asked about what kind of educational materials would be helpful, she stated that science curriculum that is culturally responsive, inclusive, and includes specifically tailored information would be beneficial. As for the calendar, Ms. Ross stated that bulleted information about the scientist and their contributions would be enough. She highly values the need to teach about diversity in science and thinks that providing role models for students will allow them to see the world from a fuller perspective.


From our discussion with Ms. Ross, we took away the fact we would need to prioritize equity throughout our calendar. Additionally, it would be important for us to highlight the differences in people, which is what makes them special. By doing this, we would be able to show kids that being different is a good thing, and seeing things from different perspectives is actually what triggers many scientific discoveries. Also, our conversation with Ms. Ross allowed us to recognize the importance of highlighting setbacks, as well as successes. We tried to show setbacks in the supplemental material provided. By providing teachers with information, hopefully we alleviated some of the feelings of discomfort about teaching topics different from what they are used to.

Kim Brown

Kim Brown is the director for a homeschool co-op, which one of our students attends. Furthermore, she has also been a teacher in homeschooling for a number of years. She helped shed light on sexism and racism in STEM, particularly from chemistry book publishers. “I found all STEM subjects needing diversity improvement. The sexism is rampant.”