Back to Education

• Ancestral sequence reconstruction refers to the technology of deducing amino acid sequence of ancestral enzyme by computer algorithm. It can be divided into 6 steps, which are nucleic acid/amino acid sequence collection of modern enzymes, multiple sequence alignment, phylogenetic tree construction, computer prediction of ancestral enzyme sequence, gene cloning, and characterization of enzymatic properties.

• A semisynthetic form of penicillin.

• Bayesian algorithm is a probability-dependent statistical model, which is mainly used for data analysis in statistics and can be used in many disciplines such as economics and bioinformatics. It provides a method to infer unknown variables from given historical data, which can be used to achieve automatic decision-making, forecasting, classification and other functions.

• A region on a protein or other biomacromolecule that binds specifically to other molecules.

• Be capable of being broken down especially into innocuous products by the action of living things (such as microorganisms).

• The manipulation (as through genetic engineering) of living organisms or their components to produce useful usually commercial products (such as pest resistant crops, new bacterial strains, or novel pharmaceuticals).

• Buffer refers to the mixed solution composed of weak acid and its salt, weak base and its salt, which can offset and reduce the influence of additional strong acid or strong base on the pH of the solution to a certain extent, so as to keep the pH value of the solution relatively stable.
  Examples from the literature: The enzyme activity was determined at 60 ­°C. 1440 μL 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 8.0), 30 μL enzyme solution (protein concentra-tion 20.0-40.0 mg L).

• A catalytic reaction is a chemical reaction under the action of a catalyst.

• Catalytic triad refers to three amino acid residues acting simultaneously in the center of the active site of hydrolase and transferase. Nucleophilic residues used for covalent catalysis are generally acid-base-nucleophilic triplets. The residues form a network of charge relays that polarize and activate the nucleophiles to attack the substrate to form a covalent intermediate,which then hydrolyzes and regenerates the free enzyme.

• Dienelactone hydrolase is an enzyme from the β-ketoadipate pathway, catalyzes the hydrolysis of dienelactone to maleylacetate.

• The act or process of removing or obtaining something from something else.

• It is used to eliminate steric conflicts or inappropriate geometries and to improve low-resolution experimental structures. The energy minimization of proteins facilitates the energy minimization of later, more complex systems (such as protein-water-ion).

• To ensure that there is no spatial conflict or inappropriate geometry in the system, additional energy minimization steps are required to relax the structure.

• Enzyme reaction refers to a chemical reaction catalyzed by an enzyme as a catalyst. Most of the chemical reactions in living organisms are enzymatic reactions.

• Evolutionary distance refers to the number of base substitutions that occur at each homologous site after the differentiation of two sequences.

• It refers to the process that people use the life activities of microorganisms under aerobic or anaerobic conditions to prepare microbial cells themselves, or direct metabolites or secondary metabolite.

• Gel electrophoresis is a method of separating and analyzing macromolecules (DNA, RNA and protein) and their fragments according to the size and charge of molecules.

• Gel imager is mainly used for protein and nucleic acid gel imaging and analysis. The system provides white light, ultraviolet light and blue light sources to shoot gel. The system's own image capture software captures the captured image, and then the system's own image analysis software analyzes the captured image.

• It is a molecular dynamics program package used to study biomolecular systems.

• Water molecules whose oxygen atom is within 3.5 A from any one non-hydrogen atom in the protein are described as the first hydration layer, and the number of water is described as the hydration level.

• Introducing plasmids containing target genes into bacteria.

• Plasmid transformation usually involves incubating cells under constant temperature conditions to avoid cell damage and death caused by temperature changes. Ice bath can maintain the solution at a reduced temperature, thereby ensuring the integrity of cells.

• Incapable of being dissolved in a liquid and especially water.

• To cultivate bacteria, cells and other organisms under appropriate conditions.

• The lid domain refers to a structure in the enzyme molecule that is located above the active center of the enzyme, similar to a lid, which can open or close the active center of the enzyme and has an important role in the activity and substrate specificity of the enzyme.

• Capable of being extended or shaped by beating with a hammer or by the pressure of rollers.

• Maximum likelihood algorithm is a commonly used statistical algorithm for estimating unknown parameters. The basic principle of the maximum likelihood method is that, given a set of observed data, unknown parameters can be estimated by finding parameter values that maximize the probability of occurrence of these data.

• Multiple sequence alignment allows as many columns in the sequence to have the same characters as possible, so as to infer their similar relationship in structure and function. It is mainly used for molecular evolutionary relationships, genome sequence analysis, etc.

• The net charge needs to be neutralized to prevent artifacts due to side effects due to the periodic boundary conditions used in the simulation.

• Import the target solvent into the protein box.

• OS molecules whose central atom is within a specific distance cutoff of either non-hydrogen atom of the protein are described as the OS layer and the number of OS as the solvation level of OS.

• The oxyanion hole is located in the active center of protease, and is used to stabilize the transition state of negatively charged deprotonated oxygen.

• Polymerase chain reaction. A molecular biology technique used to quickly replicate millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA sequence.

• Polyethylene has an excellent chemical stability. Nitric acid and sulfuric acid have a strong destructive effect on polyethylene. It is easy to photooxidation, thermal oxidation, and it could be degraded under ultraviolet action easily.
  Polyethylene can be used in film products, injection products, hollow products, pipe products, silk products, etc.

• PET is a milky white or light yellow, highly crystalline polymer with a smooth, shiny surface. It has excellent electrical insulation, even at high temperature and high frequency. PET is non-toxic, tasteless, good health and safety.
  PET can be spun into polyester fiber, be made into film for sound recording, video, film and other substrates, and it also can be used directly for food packaging.

• A phylogenetic tree is a diagram representing the evolutionary relationships between organisms. Phylogenetic trees are hypothesized, not established facts.

• 1. the quality or state of being plastic, especially : capacity for being molded or altered.
  2. the ability to retain a shape attained by pressure deformation.

• Polypropylene is non-toxic and tasteless. Its strength, stiffness, hardness and heat resistance are better than low pressure polyethylene. It has good electrical properties and high frequency insulation. But low temperature makes it brittle.
  Polypropylene can be used in food devices.

• Create simulation boxes around the protein.

• Profile HMM is an algorithm for sequence alignment, which can be used to compare the similarity of two or more sequences.

• A sequence of DNA, upstream of a gene, where proteins and enzymes bind (transcription factors and RNA polymerases) to initiate transcription of that gene, resulting in a new RNA molecule.

• Protein engineering is based on the structural law of protein molecules and the relationship between their biological functions. Through chemical, physical and molecular biological means, gene modification or gene synthesis is carried out to transform existing proteins or create a new protein to meet the needs of human production and life.

• It is a multi-component plastic and the structure will change under heat, oxygen and light. It has many advantages, such as corrosion resistance, strong and durable, heat to 81 ­°C, toughness, ductility, good insulation and so on.
  PVC can be used as a building material for household plastic products.

• Radial Distribution Functions is used to determine the type of intermolecular interactions.

• Radius of gyration is used to analyze the compactness, folding process, and unfolding behavior of proteins.

• Root mean square deviation is used to analyze the equilibrium state of the system, the overall structural changes of the protein.

• Root mean square fluctuation is used to analyze protein flexibility, local changes on protein chains.

• Solvent accessible surface area refers to a geometric measure of a protein exposed to the environment.

• Spatial distribution function,is used for visually isolating objects around proteins or local regions, especially in the active site.

• Add force fields to the protein box.

• Synthetic biology is a new subject in the field of biology in the 21st century. It is the result of molecular and cell biology, evolutionary systematics, biochemistry, informatics, mathematics, computer and engineering.

• Synthetic plastics refer to materials that can flow and form in the process with resin (or direct polymerization of monomers in the process) as the main component and additives. At present, polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyurethane (PUR) are the main types of plastics.

• The process of constructing a messenger RNA molecule using a DNA molecule as a template with resulting transfer of genetic information to the messenger RNA.

• 1. It refers to the process of gene transfer in which homologous or heterologous free DNA molecules are taken up by natural or artificial receptive cells and expressed horizontally.
  2. Cell transformation is a change in genetic traits that occurs in cells, based on mutations in DNA or genes. Essentially, genetic mutations lead to the transformation of organisms.

• A transgenic organism is an organism to which a gene has been transferred from a different organism and/or species.

• The α/β hydrolase superfamily refers to hydrolases containing α elix and β sheet. Members in this family include acetylcholinesterase, dienelactone hydrolase, lipase, thioesterase, hydroxynitrile lyase and others.

Back to Education